EXPOSICIÓN AL TIEMPO DE PANTALLAS Y SU INCIDENCIA EN LA MOTRICIDAD GRUESA EN LOS NIÑOS DE CINCO AÑOS DE UNA INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA DE LA CIUDAD DE GUAYAQUIL

Abstract

The purpose of this research project was to determine whether screen use affects the gross motor development of five-year-old children at an educational institution in the city of Guayaquil. Currently, advances in science and technology are evident in various spheres and are being used at increasingly younger ages. Thus, children who are in the process of developing and configuring their brain architecture are exposed to adverse situations caused by excessive screen use. Research reveals impairments in different areas of development, one of which is gross motor skills. Therefore, this project sought to confirm whether there is an impact on this area of development. The research was of a mixedmethods type, and multiple methods were used for data collection, including instruments such as surveys, interviews, and observation checklists. The results showed that a group of children exhibited a level of gross motor development ranging from average to high, demonstrating adequate postural control and functional lateral dominance. However, it is recommended to strengthen activities focused on dynamic balance, bilateral coordination, and the execution of controlled jumps, incorporating play-based strategies that promote increased strength, body stability, and motor integration. Furthermore, the teachers acknowledged that children's motor progress generally corresponds to developmental milestones, although it can vary depending on coordination, balance, and the movement opportunities available both at home and at school. The research revealed that at home, 100% of children use electronic devices, and 80% spend an hour or more per day in front of them. While some of this time is dedicated to academic and recreational activities (73%), it is concerning that more than half of parents (55%) do not supervise this use, which can negatively impact children's physical, cognitive, and social development. Based on this, it is concluded that adult guidance is key to preventing the negative effects of screen time: supervision, time limits, and the inclusion of physical activity can reverse the trend toward sedentary behavior in children. This research concludes with a proposed guide for parents and teachers on the appropriate use of screens, as well as offering activities that help strengthen gross motor skills in young children.